Paints, coatings, and high-performance organic coatings were developed to protect equipment from environmental damage. Of prime importance in the development of protective coatings was the petroleum industry,which produced most of the basic ingredients from which most synthetic resins were developed. The cracking of petroleum produced a multitude of unsaturated workable compounds that are important in the building of large resin polymers such as vinyls and acrylics. The solvents necessary for the solution of the resins were also derived from petroleum or natural gas. The building blocks for epoxies and modern polyurethane coatings are other derivatives produced by refining petroleum products.8 The Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC) is the world’s acknowledged resource and authority for protective coatings technology. SSPC’s mission is to advance the technology and promote the use of protective coatings to preserve industrial marine and commercial structure components and substrates. Table 9.8 describes briefly most of the numerous standards and guides currently maintained by SSPC. Some other concepts important for designing corrosion-resistant coatings include those of coating protection, component design, component function, and coating formulation. Many coatings contain as many as 15 to 20 ingredients with their own range of functionality. Some of the main variables used to design corrosion protective coatings are Impermeability. The ideal impermeable coating should be completely unaffected by the specific environment it is designed to block, be it most commonly humidity, water, or any other corrosive agent such as gases, ions, or electrons. This ideal impermeable coating should have a high dielectric constant and also have perfect adhesion to the underlying surface to avoid any entrapment of corrosive agents. Good impermeability has been the successful ingredient of many anticorrosion coatings.
Inhibition. In contrast with coatings developed on the basis of impermeability, inhibitive coatings function by reacting with a certain environment to provide a protective film or barrier on the metallic surface. The concept of adding an inhibitor to a primer has been applied to coatings of steel vessels since these vessels were first constructed. Such coatings were originally oil based and heavily loaded with red lead.
Cathodically protective pigments. As with inhibition, cathodic protection in coatings is mostly provided by additives in the primer. The main function of these additives is to shift the potential of the environment to a less-corrosive cathodic potential. Inorganic zinc-based primers are good examples of this concept.
The coating system approach. For serious corrosion situations, the coating system approach (primer, intermediate coat, and topcoat) provides all the ingredients for a long-lasting solution.
Guide to SSPC-VIS 1-89: Visual Standard for Abrasive Blast Cleaned Steel (Standard Reference Photographs)
This guide describes the use of standard reference photographs depicting the appearance of previously unpainted hot-rolled carbon steel prior to and after abrasive blast cleaning. These photographs are intended to be used to supplement the written SSPC blast cleaning surface preparation specifications. Because the written specifications are the primary means to determine conformance with blast cleaning requirements, the photographs shall not be used as a substitute for these specifications.
Guide to Visual Standard No. 2: Guide to Standard Method of Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces
This guide describes only the pictorial standard and does not constitute the standard. It is to be used for comparative purposes and is not intended to have a direct relationship to a decision regarding painting requirements. Guide to SSPC-VIS 3: Visual Standard for Power-and Hand-Tool
Cleaned Steel (Standard Reference Photographs)
This guide describes the use of standard reference photographs depicting the appearance of unpainted, painted, and welded hot-rolled carbon steel prior to and after power and hand tool cleaning. These photographs are intended to be used to supplement the written SSPC power and hand tool surface preparation specifications. Because the written specifications are the primary means to determine conformance with cleaning requirements, the photographs shall not be used as a substitute for the written specifications.
Surface Preparation Specification No. 1 (SSPC-SP 1): Solvent Cleaning
This specification covers the requirements for the solvent cleaning of steel surfaces— removal of all detrimental foreign matter such as oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, drawing and cutting compounds, and other contaminants from steel surfaces by the use of solvents, emulsions, cleaning compounds, steam, or other similar materials and methods that involve a solvent or cleaning action.
Surface Preparation Specification No. 2 (SSPC-SP 2): Hand Tool Cleaning This specification covers the requirements for the hand tool cleaning of steel surfaces—removal of all rust scale, mill scale, loose rust, and loose paint to the degree specified by hand wire brushing, hand sanding, hand scraping, hand chipping, or other hand impact tools or by a combination of these methods. The substrate should have a faint metallic sheen and also be free of oil, grease, dust, soil, salts, and other contaminants.
Surface Preparation Specification No. 3 (SSPC-SP3): Power Tool Cleaning This specification covers the requirements for the power tool cleaning of steel surfaces—removal of all rust scale, mill scale, loose paint, and loose rust to the degree specified by power wire brushes, power impact tools, power grinders, power sanders, or by a combination of these methods. The substrate should have a pronounced metallic sheen and also be free of oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and other contaminants. Surface should not be buffed or polished smooth.
Joint Surface Preparation Standard (SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1):
White Metal Blast Cleaning
This standard covers the requirements for white metal blast cleaning of steel surfaces by the use of abrasives—removal of all mill scale, rust, rust scale, paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasives propelled through nozzles or by centrifugal wheels. A white metal blast cleaned surface finish is defined as a surface with a gray-white, uniform metallic color, slightly roughened to form a suitable anchor pattern for coatings. The surface, when viewed without magnification, shall be free of all oil, grease, dirt, visible mill scale, rust, corrosion products, oxides, paint, and any other foreign matter. Joint Surface Preparation Standard (SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3):
Commercial Blast Cleaning
This standard covers the requirements for commercial blast cleaning of steel surfaces by the use of abrasives—removal of mill scale, rust, rust scale, paint, and foreign matter by the use of abrasives propelled through nozzles or by centrifugal wheels, to the degree specified. A commercial blast cleaned surface finish is defined as one from which all oil, grease, dirt, rust scale, and foreign matter have been completely removed from the surface and all rust, mill scale, and old paint have been completely removed except for slight shadows, streaks, or discolorations caused by rust stain, mill scale oxides, or slight, tight residues of paint or coating that may remain; if the surface is pitted, slight residues of rust or paint may by found in the bottom of pits; at least two-thirds of each square inch of surface area shall be free of all visible residues and the remainder shall be limited to the light discoloration, slight staining, or tight residues mentioned above. Joint Surface Preparation Standard (SSPC-SP 7/NACE No. 4):
Brush-Off Blast Cleaning
This standard covers the requirements for brush-off blast cleaning of steel surfaces by the use of abrasives—removal of loose mill scale, loose rust, and loose paint, to the degree hereafter specified, by the impact of abrasives propelled through nozzles or by centrifugal wheels. It is not intended that the surface shall be free of all mill scale, rust, and paint. The remaining mill scale, rust, and paint should be tight and the surface should be sufficiently abraded to provide good adhesion and bonding of paint. A brush-off blast cleaned surface finish is defined as one from which all oil, grease, dirt, rust scale, loose mill scale, loose rust, and loose paint or coatings are removed completely, but tight mill scale and tightly adhered rust, paint, and coatings are permitted to remain provided that all mill scale and rust have been exposed to the abrasive blast pattern sufficiently to expose numerous flecks of the underlying metal fairly uniformly distributed over the entire surface.
Surface Preparation Specification No. 8 (SSPC-SP 8): Pickling
This specification covers the requirements for the pickling of steel surfaces—removal of all mill scale, rust, and rust scale by chemical reaction, or by electrolysis, or by both. It is intended that the pickled surface shall be completely free of all scale, rust, and foreign matter. Furthermore, the surface shall be free of unreacted or harmful acid or alkali or smut.
Joint Surface Preparation Standard (SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2):
Near-White Blast Cleaning
This standard covers the requirements for near-white metal blast cleaning of steel surfaces by the use of abrasives—removal of nearly all mill scale, rust, rust scale, paint,or foreign matter by the use of abrasives propelled through nozzles or by centrifugal wheels, to the degree hereafter specified. A near-white blast cleaned surface finish is defined as one from which all oil, grease, dirt, mill scale, rust, corrosion products, oxides, paint, and other foreign matter have been completely removed from the surface except for very light shadows, very slight streaks or slight discolorations caused by rust stain, mill scale oxides, or light, tight residues of paint or coating that may remain. At least 95 percent of each square inch of surface area shall be free of all visible residues, and the remainder shall be limited to the light discoloration mentioned above. Surface Preparation Specification No. 11 (SSPC-SP 11):
Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal
This specification covers the requirements for the power tool cleaning to produce a bare metal surface and to retain or produce a surface profile. This specification is suitable where a roughened, clean, bare metal surface is required, but where abrasive blasting is not feasible or permissible.
Joint Surface Preparation Standard (SSPC-SP 12/NACE No. 5): Surface Preparation and Cleaning of Steel and Other Hard Materials by High- and Ultrahigh-Pressure Water Jetting Prior to Recoating This standard provides requirements for the use of high- and ultrahigh-pressure water jetting to achieve various degrees of surface cleanliness. This standard is limited in scope to the use of water only without the addition of solid particles in the stream. Abrasive Specification No. 1 (SSPC-AB 1):
Mineral and Slag Abrasives
This specification defines the requirements for selecting and evaluating mineral and slag abrasives used for blast cleaning steel and other surfaces for painting and other purposes.
Abrasive Specification No. 2 (SSPC-AB 2):
Specification for Cleanliness of Recycled Ferrous Metallic Abrasives This specification covers the requirements for cleanliness of recycled ferrous metallic blast cleaning abrasives used for the removal of coatings, paints, scales, rust, and other foreign matter from steel or other surfaces. Requirements are given for lab and field testing of recycled ferrous metallic abrasives work mix. Recycled ferrous metallic abrasives are intended for use in field or shop abrasive blast cleaning of steel or other surfaces.
Thermal Precleaning (NACE 6G194/SSPC-SP-TR 1):
Specifications for Thermal Precleaning
This state-of-the-art report addresses the use of thermal precleaning for tanks, vessels, rail tank cars and hopper cars, and process equipment, when preparing surfaces for the application of high-performance or high-bake coating and lining systems. Painting System Guide No. 1.00: Guide for Selecting Oil Base Painting Systems These specifications cover oil base painting systems for steel cleaned with hand or power tools.
Painting System Specification No. 1.04: Three-Coat Oil-Alkyd (Leadand Chromate-Free) Painting System for Galvanized or Non-Galvanized Steel (with Zinc Dust-Zinc Oxide Linseed Oil Primer) This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for new or weathered (white or red rusted) galvanized steel. It is also effective on nongalvanized steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zone 1A (interior, normally dry) and Zone 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, faderesistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.09: Three-Coat Oil Base Zinc Oxide
Painting System (without Lead or Chromate Pigment)
This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.10: Four-Coat Oil Base Zinc Oxide Paintin System (without Lead or Chromate Pigment)
This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.12: Three-Coat Oil Base Zinc
Chromate Painting System
This specification covers an oil-base, zinc-chromate painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors.
Painting System Specification No. 1.13: One-Coat Oil Base Slow Drying Maintenance Painting System (without Lead or Chromate Pigments)
This specification covers a one-coat oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). This system is never used as a shopcoat because of its very long drying time. It is unsuitable for use where the slow drying, slippery paint film would be dangerous to workers when walking or climbing on painted surfaces.
Painting System Specification No. 2.00: Guide for Selecting Alkyd
Painting Systems
These specifications cover alkyd painting systems for commercial blast cleaned or pickled steel. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The color of the finish paint must be specified.
Painting System Specification No. 1.04: Three-Coat Oil-Alkyd (Leadand Chromate-Free) Painting System for Galvanized or Non-Galvanized Steel (with Zinc Dust-Zinc Oxide Linseed Oil Primer)
This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for new or weathered (white or red rusted) galvanized steel. It is also effective on nongalvanized steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zone 1A (interior, normally dry) and Zone 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, faderesistant colors.
Painting System Specification No. 1.09: Three-Coat Oil Base Zinc Oxide Painting System (without Lead or Chromate Pigment)
This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.10: Four-Coat Oil Base Zinc Oxide Paintin System (without Lead or Chromate Pigment)
This specification covers an oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.12: Three-Coat Oil Base Zinc Chromate Painting System
This specification covers an oil-base, zinc-chromate painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 1.13: One-Coat Oil Base Slow Drying Maintenance Painting System (without Lead or Chromate Pigments)
This specification covers a one-coat oil-base, lead- and chromate-free painting system for steel cleaned with hand or power tools. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). This system is never used as a shopcoat because of its very long drying time. It is unsuitable for use where the slow drying, slippery paint film would be dangerous to workers when walking or climbing on painted surfaces. Painting System Specification No. 2.00: Guide for Selecting Alkyd Painting Systems
These specifications cover alkyd painting systems for commercial blast cleaned or pickled steel. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The color of the finish paint must be specified. Painting System Specification No. 2.05: Three-Coat Alkyd Painting System for Unrusted Galvanized Steel (for Weather Exposure) This specification covers an alkyd painting system for new, unrusted, untreated, galvanized steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry). The primer has good adhesion to clean galvanized steel but does not adhere properly to rusted galvanized steel. Painting System No. 1.04 should be specified for this condition. The finish paint allows for a choice of durable, fade-resistant colors. Painting System Specification No. 3.00: Guide for Selecting Phenolic Painting Systems
These specifications cover phenolic painting systems for blast cleaned steel. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), and 1B (exterior, normally dry), and 2A (frequently wet by fresh water). Phenolic paints will normally dry in about 12 h. For optimum intercoat adhesion recoating should take place in less than 24 h. The color of the finish paint must be specified.
Painting System Specification No. 4.00: Guide for Selecting Vinyl Painting Systems
The guide covers vinyl painting system for blast cleaned or pickled steel. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 2C (fresh water immersion), 2D (salt water immersion), 3A (chemical, acidic), and 3B (chemical neutral). The color of the finish paint must be specified.
Painting System Specification No. 9.01: Cold-Applied Asphalt Mastic Painting System with Extra-Thick Film
This specification covers a cold-applied asphalt mastic painting system for aboveground steel structures. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). It should not be used in contact with oils, solvents, or other reagents which tend to soften or attack the coating. Painting System Specification No. 10.01: Hot-Applied Coal Tar Enamel Painting System This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2C (fresh water immersion), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). It has good abrasion resistance. It is also suitable for underground use. It must be used with discretion for immersion in corrosive chemicals because the coating is dissolved by some organic solvents and attacked by oxidating solutions. The coal tar enamel must be topcoated with coal tar emulsion when exposed to sunlight to prevent checking and alligatoring. Painting System Specification No. 10.02: Cold-Applied Coal Tar Mastic Painting System
This specification covers a cold-applied coal tar painting system for underground and underwater steel structures, consisting of two cold-applied coats. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2C (fresh water immersion), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). It has fairly good abrasion resistance and is suitable for underground use. It must be used with discretion for immersion in corrosive chemicals because the coating is dissolved by some organic solvents and attacked by oxidating solutions. The coal tar mastic must be topcoated with coal tar emulsion when exposed to sunlight to prevent checking and alligatoring.
Painting System Specification No. 11.01: Black (or Dark Red) Coal Tar Epo Polyamide Painting System
This specification covers a complete coal tar epoxy-polyamide black (or dark red) painting system for the protection of steel surfaces that will be exposed to severely corrosive conditions. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 2C (fresh water immersion), 2D (salt water immersion), 3A (chemical, acidic), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). Its resistance to chemical fumes, mists, and splashings is generally considered to be good, but its suitability for prolonged immersion in specific chemicals should be confirmed by trial tests in the absence of applicable case histories. It is also suitable for underground exposure and as a protective coating for sound concrete surfaces in marine and some chemical environments. Its good weathering properties can be improved by applying a finish coat of a compatible aluminum pigmented paint. Although it is self-priming and exhibits good adhesion to clean structural steel surfaces, it may also be used over suitable inhibitive primers. The color of paint is black unless red is specified.
Painting System Guide No. 12.00: Guide to Zinc-Rich Coating Systems
This guide provides general information on the description, selection, and applications of zinc-rich coatings and the selection of top coats. Zinc-rich coatings are highly pigmented primer coatings that are uniquely defined by their capability of galvanically protecting steel exposed at discontinuities such as narrow scratches and holidays. Although the major pigment component in a zinc-rich coating is zinc dust, the vehicle may be inorganic or organic. Zinc-rich coatings are classified as follows: Type IA— Inorganic: postcured, water-borne, alkali-silicates; Type IB—Inorganic: self-cured, water-borne, alkali-silicates; Type IC—Inorganic: self-cured, solvent-borne, alkylsilicates; Type IIA—Organic: thermoplastic binders; Type IIB—Organic: thermoset binders. Certain zinc-rich coating systems are suitable for use in protecting steel surfaces either topcoated or untopcoated. Zinc-rich systems are not suitable for certain exposure conditions.
Painting System Specification No. 12.01: One-Coat Zinc-Rich Painting System This specification covers a one-coat zinc-rich painting system to be used on steel in mild-to-moderately severe environments. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zone 3B (chemical, neutral). It is not recommended for environments where corrosive contaminants will have a pH below 5 or above 9 or in severely corrosive environments. The system is recommended as a durable shop primer or as a protective one-coat system for normal atmospheric weathering environments and certain immersion services. This specification does not pertain to weldable prefabrication zinc-rich primers that are applied at lower thicknesses [1 mil (25 m) or less]. Further information regarding these and other zincrich primers can be found in SSPC-PS Guide 12.00, Guide for Selecting Zinc-Rich Painting Systems.
Painting System Specification No. 4.02: Four-Coat Vinyl Painting System (for Fresh Water, Chemical, and Corrosive Atmospheres)
This specification covers a complete vinyl painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2C (fresh water immersion), 3A (chemical exposure, acidic), and 3B (chemical exposure, neutral). The finish paint allows for choice of colors.
Painting System Specification No. 4.04: Four-Coat White or Colored Vinyl Painting System (for Fresh Water, Chemical, and Corrosive Atmospheres) This specification covers a complete vinyl painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 2C (fresh water immersion), 3A (chemical exposure, acidic), and 3B (chemical exposure, neutral). The finish paint allows for choice of colors. Painting System Specification No. 7.00: Guide for Selecting One- Coat Shop Painting Systems
This guide covers one-coat shop painting systems for steel that will not be exposed to corrosive conditions for long periods. They are also suitable for steel encased in concrete in those cases where bonding of steel to concrete is not required. They can be used under fireproofing. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 0 (encased in concrete or masonry, normally dry) and 1A (interior, normally dry). The paints covered by this guide are primers, and if a color other than the standard color is required, the color must be specified. Painting System Specification No. 8.00: Guide to Topcoating Zinc-Rich Primers This guide covers the selection and application (including surface preparation) of top coats to surfaces coated with a zinc-rich primer. Both organic and inorganic zinc-rich primers are included. The guide does not cover the selection and application of the zincrich primer.
Painting System Specification No. 13.01: Epoxy-Polyamide Painting System This specification outlines a three-coat epoxy-polyamide painting system for the protection of steel surfaces subject to industrial exposure, marine environments, and areas subject to chemical exposure such as acid and alkali. This system, when properly applied and cured, is capable of giving excellent protection to steel surfaces in Environmental Zones 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 3A (chemical, acidic), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline) but not in potable water tanks. Although the coating herein specified has exhibited good chemical protection, its resistance against specific chemicals should, in the absence of applicable case histories, be appropriately tested.
Painting System Specification No. 14.01: Steel Joist Shop Painting System This specification covers a one-coat shop joist primer that will provide temporary protection to the steel joists during delivery and erection. This system is intended as a one-coat shop paint for open web and long-span steel joists that may be either enclosed or exposed in the interiors of buildings (Environmental Zone 1A, interior, normally dry) where the temperature rarely falls below the dew point, the humidity rarely exceeds 85%, and corrosive protection is not necessary.
Painting System Specification No. 15.00: Guide for Selecting
Chlorinated Rubber Painting Systems
These specifications cover chlorinated rubber painting systems for blast cleaned or pickled steel. These coatings are not recommended for areas exposed to strong organic solvents, oxidating acids, or the areas where the surface temperature exceeds 74°C). Straight chain unsaturated acids and fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin will cause softening and swelling of these coatings. These systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 1B (exterior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 2C (fresh water immersion), 2D (salt water immersion), 3A (chemical, acidic), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). Chlorinated rubber paints are single-package systems that dry to solvent evaporation and have low permeability to water vapor and oxygen. After drying, they are nonflammable and resistant to mildew growth. The color of the finish must be specified.
Painting System Specification No. 15.01: Chlorinated Rubber Painting System for Salt Water Immersion
This specification covers a complete chlorinated rubber painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2B (frequently wet by salt water) and 2D (salt water immersion). The finish paint allows for a choice of colors.
Painting System Specification No. 15.02: Chlorinated Rubber Painting System for Fresh Water Immersion
This specification covers a complete chlorinated rubber painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 2A (frequently wet by fresh water) and 2C (fresh water immersion). It may also be used in nonsolvent chemical atmospheres. The finish paint allows for a choice of colors.
Painting System Specification No. 15.03: Chlorinated Rubber Painting
System for Marine and Industrial Atmospheres
This specification covers a complete chlorinated rubber painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 1B (exterior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 3A (chemical, acidic), 3B (chemical, neutral), and 3C (chemical, alkaline). The finish paint allows for a choice of colors. Painting System Specification No. 15.04: Chlorinated Rubber Painting System for Field Application over a Shop Applied Solvent Base Inorganic Zinc-Rich Primer
This specification covers a field-applied chlorinated rubber painting system for structural steel shop-primed with a solvent base inorganic zinc-rich primer. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 1B (exterior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 3A (chemical exposure, acidic), 3B (chemical exposure, neutral), and 3C (chemical exposure, alkaline). The finish paint allows for a choice of colors.
Painting System Specification No. 16.01: Silicone Alkyd Painting System for New Steel
This specification covers a complete silicone alkyd painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zone 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), including high humidity, infrequent immersion, and mild chemical atmospheres. The primary virtue of this system is the exterior durability and minimum deterioration of the silicone alkyd finish as shown by chalk resistance, gloss retention, and color retention. In addition, the finish paint allows for a choice of colors. Painting System Guide No. 17.00: Guide for Selecting Urethane
Painting Systems
This guide outlines urethane painting systems for structural steel surfaces. There are three types of urethane coatings covered by the guide. They are Types II, IV, and V, as classified by ASTM Standard D 16. These painting systems are suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in varied types of environments ranging from severely corrosive environments to mild atmospheric conditions. These painting systems are intended principally for structural steel where excellent weathering, color retention, and chemical resistance is desired. The color of the finish must be specified. Painting System Specification No. 18.01: Three-Coat Latex Painting System This specification covers a complete latex painting system for structural steel. This system is suitable for use on parts or structures exposed in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry) and high-humidity or mild chemical atmospheres. The finish paint is semigloss and chalk resistant and allows for a choice of colors.
Painting System Guide No. 19.00: Guide for Selecting
Painting Systems for Ship Bottoms
This guide covers painting systems for ship bottoms from the keel to the light load line on steel ships. The area from the light load line to the deep load line, more commonly called the boot-top area, may also be coated with these systems; however, SSPC-PS Guide 20.00 covers painting systems for this area. It should be noted that boot tops are rarely used with today’s commercial ships, and bottom systems may extend up to the deep load line. These coating systems may also be used for other floating or stationary structures exposed to or submerged in salt or brackish water. This would include barges, buoys, oceanographic installations, and so forth.
Painting System Guide No. 20.00: Guide for Selecting Painting Systems for Boottoppings
This guide covers painting systems for the protection of the exterior boot-top areas (the area from the light load line to the deep load line) of steel ships. It should be noted that boottops are rarely used with today’s commercial ships, and bottom systems may extend up to the deep load line. In general, the anticorrosive and antifouling paints covered in SSPC-PS Guide 19.00 are applicable to boot-top areas. Painting System Guide No. 21.00: Guide for Selecting
Painting Systems for Topsides
This guide covers painting systems for the protection of the topside or exterior area of steel ships. This includes the area from the deep load line to the rail, more commonly called the freeboard, decks, and superstructure. These systems can also be used for above-water parts of floating structures exposed to salt or fresh water and the normal marine environment. They also cover all above-water areas on ships such as deck equipment or machinery, booms, mast, and bulwarks.
Painting System Guide No. 22.00: Guide for Selecting One-Coat Preconstruction or Prefabrication Painting Systems This guide covers those shop primers used in today’s modern commercial shipyards for preconstruction and prefabrication priming of abrasive blast cleaned structural steel and steel plates. To maximize efficiency in new construction, all ships’ steel plates, shapes, and angles are abrasive blast cleaned, shop primed, and stored for future use in preparation of sections of ships, called modules or units. Shop primers are covered by generic classification.
Coating System Guide No. 23.00: Guide for Thermal Spray Metallic Coating Systems
This guide covers the requirements for thermal spray metallic coatings, with and without sealers and topcoats, as a means to prevent corrosion of steel surfaces. Types of metallic coatings included are pure zinc, pure aluminum, and zinc/aluminum alloy, 85% zinc/15% aluminum by weight. This system is suitable for use on structures or parts thereof exposed in SSPC Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 1B (exterior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), and 2C (fresh water immersion). It may be used in Environmental Zones 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 2D (salt water immersion), 3A (chemical exposure, acidic), 3B (chemical exposure, neutral), and 3C (chemical exposure, alkaline) with proper sealing/topcoating (see Section 6 and Note 11.2 of the Guide. This document is intended to serve as a guide for preparing specifications for thermal spray applications.
Painting System Specification No. 24.00: Latex Painting System for Industrial and Marine Atmospheres, Performance-Based
This specification covers a painting system for steel surfaces based on multiple coats of air-drying, single-component latex paints having a total dry film thickness of a minimum of 6 mil (152 m). The painting system is categorized according to its performance level over blast-cleaned steel, the intended substrate. The painting system is also categorized according to the volatile organic compound (VOC) classes of the latex paints comprising it. The system is suitable for exposure in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry), 1B (exterior, normally dry), 2A (frequently wet by fresh water), 2B (frequently wet by salt water), 3A (chemical exposure, acidic), 3B (chemical exposure, neutral), 3C (chemical exposure, alkaline), and 3D (chemical exposure, mild solvent). The system is not intended for immersion service.
Paint Specification No.5: Zinc Dust, Zinc Oxide, and Phenolic Varnish Paint This specification covers a quick-drying zinc dust, zinc oxide, and phenolic varnish paint for steel or galvanized surfaces. It has very good rust inhibitive characteristics but only fair wetting ability for rusting, greasy, or oily surfaces. It has a drying time of about 12 h, good durability even when weathered before finish coating, and may be used for intermediate and finish coats. This paint is supplied in two-package kits: one package contains the liquid vehicle (component A) and the other contains the zinc dust zinc oxide pigment (component B). This paint is suitable for exposure in Environmental Zones 1A (interior, normally dry) and 1B (exterior, normally dry) and is particularly suited for exposure in Environmental Zone 2A (frequently wet by fresh water). It is intended for brush or spray application over steel surfaces prepared in accordance with SSPC-SP 6, Commercial Blast Cleaning; SSPC-SP 10, Near-White Blast Cleaning; SSPC-SP 5, White Metal Blast Cleaning; and SSPC-SP 8, Pickling; or over clean galvanized steel. This paint is suitable as a shop primer, field primer, maintenance primer, or intermediate coat and is to be applied in accordance with SSPC-PA 1, Shop, Field, and Maintenance Painting. This paint will dry in about 12 h and should be recoated within 24 h for optimum intercoat adhesion.
Surface Preparation Specification No. 4 (SSPC-SP 4): Flame Cleaning Removal of all loose scale, rust, and other detrimental foreign matter by passing hightemperature, high-velocity oxy-acetylene flames over the entire surface, followed by wire brushing. Surface should also be free of oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and other contaminants.
